BIOLOGY 1350 STUDY GUIDE
THESE QUESTIONS ARE TO ACT AS A GUIDE FOR YOUR STUDY. YOU ARE NOT TO ANSWER THEM AND HAND THEM IN FOR MY EXAMINATION AND GRADING.
I. Evolution and Animal Systematics.
A. Evolution. Review material. Chapters 5-6.
1. Review mutation as the origin of variation
2. Give the significance of the following in evolution
a. mutation
b. re-assortment of alleles
3. Describe the Hardy-Weinberg principle and genetic drift
4. Describe Darwin's theory
5. Explain the types of selection
6. Give explanations for the concept that evolution patterns show abrupt appearance, stasis and replacement.
7. Define phylogeny
B. Systematics. Chapter 10. Also, Mayr, Ashlock (Principles of Systematic Zoology) on reserve in the library.
1. Distinguish between taxonomy and systematics
2. Explain upward and downward classification. Which is more likely to indicate relationships?
3. Explain and compare species concepts:
biological, evolutionary
4. What difficulties exist in applying the biological species concept?
5. Explain what is meant by "cline".
6. Know the meaning of
morph, phenon, taxon, classification, category, species, allopatric, sympatric, polytypic species, subspecies, temporal subspecies.
7. Contrast primary intergradation and secondary intergradation
8. Explain speciation:
a. allopatric b. sympatric
c. parapatric c. in time
9. Explain cladistics and be able to construct a cladogram
10. Explain the function of a classification
11. Know the hierarchy of the classification system and understand it.
12. Explain convergence in characters and its origin
13. Explain parallelism in characters and its origin
14. Differentiate between cladistic and evolutionary classification
15. Know the meaning of
sibling species, analogy, homology (its origin and the implications), monophyletic, polyphyletic, holophyletic
II. Animal Physiology. Chapters 31-37, 7, 8.
A. Integument and Skeletal Systems. 31.
1. What are the functions of an integument?
2. Describe an invertebrate integument.
3. Describe a vertebrate integument. How does it differ in structure and function from an invertebrate integument?
4. Describe the following types of skeletons, their functions and explain how they work:
a. hydrostatic
b. arthropod exoskeleton
c. echinoderm endoskeleton
d. vertebrate endoskeleton
B. Water, Osmotic Regulation and Excretion. 32.
1. Explain or define:
osmotic pressure isosmotic
hyperosmotic hyposmotic
Explain the difference between these terms and isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
2. Know the meaning of osmotic conformer, hyperosmotic regulator, hyposmotic regulator
3. What limitations are placed on an osmotic conformer?
4. Describe osmotic regulation in
a. marine crabs b. marine teleosts
c. freshwater fish c. terrestrial mammals
5. Describe adaptive mechanisms of an animal living in desert conditions (kangaroo rats as an example).
6. What are the general features of excretory systems?
How do they work?
7. Describe how the mammalian kidney works.
8. What are the advantages of being:
a. ammonitelic b. uricotelic
b. ureotelic
C. Temperature Regulation. 32.
1. Define:
ectothermic endothermic
2. Describe the relationship of heat loss to size
3. Describe temperature regulating mechanisms in ectotherms
4. Describe temperature regulating mechanisms in endotherms.
5. Describe countercurrent heat exchange and its influence on maintaining a constant body temperature
6. Describe adaptive mechanisms for dealing with extremely high environmental temperatures.
7. Describe adaptive mechanisms for dealing with extremely low environmental temperatures.
D. Fluids and circulatory systems. 33.
1. What are the functions of a circulatory system?
2. What are the necessary components of a circulatory system?
3. Describe mechanisms by which vertebrate blood can carry higher amounts of Oxygen than can be account for by Oxygen's solubility in water.
4. What causes vertebrate blood to "collect" Oxygen at the respiratory surface and "deposit" it at an active tissue?
5. Compare/contrast circulation in arthropods, fish, amphibians, reptiles, bird and mammals. What do the similarities and differences in vertebrate circulation suggest about their evolutionary origins?
6. How does fetal circulation in mammals differ from adult circulation in mammals?
7. Understand the characteristics of hemoglobin and myoglobin and the significance of their differences.
E. Respiratory systems. 33
1. What is the effect on solubility of a gas of:
a. gas concentration b. solute concentration
b. pressure c. temperature
2. Describe the mechanism(s) by which a gas can pass through a biological membrane.
3. How does an animal increase the efficiency of the movement of Oxygen into the blood above that occurring by simple diffusion in a static system involving a solution with no cells.
4. Describe the features of a respiratory system
5. Describe countercurrent gas exchange in gills.
6. Describe the conditions under which gills are
a. beneficial, b. non-functional
7. What limitations are there to the functionality of gills?
8. Describe the benefits of internal respiratory systems, including lungs. What limits are there to the functionality of lungs?
9. Describe gas exchange in the lungs of birds.
10. What benefit(s) derive from the carrying away of Oxygen from the respiratory surface of gills, lung and other respiratory systems?
11. Describe adaptations of diving mammals.
F. Nervous systems. 35.
1. Review gated channels
2. Be certain you are familiar with membrane function
3. Know the structure of a neuron
4. Be certain you know the difference between propagation and transmission of an impulse.
5. Describe/explain how a neuron maintains a resting potential
6. Describe the events in the generation of an action potential and its propagation. How is an action potential propagated?
7. What causes the wave of depolarization
8. Describe electrical transmission of impulses.
9. Explain how chemical transmission of impulses occurs.
10. Compare nervous system composition and activity in Cnidaria, arthropods and vertebrates.
G. Movement. 31.
1. What involvement do proteins have in movement in animals?
2. Explain movement:
a. by flagella
b. by cilia
c. by pseudopodia
3. Describe the sliding filament model of contraction
4. Describe the types of vertebrate muscle and how they function.
5. Describe types of invertebrate muscle and how they work.
6. Explain how excitation results in muscle contraction.
H. Chemical Coordination. 36.
1. Explain what is meant by
membrane-bound receptors
nuclear receptors
2. Describe mechanisms of control of hormone secretion
3. Describe the functions and control of secretion of
a. pituitary hormones
b. hormones of the hypothalamus
c. melatonin
d. thyroid hormones
e. hormones of the parathryoids
f. adrenal hormones
g. pancreatic hormones
h. gastrin & secretin
I. Reproduction. 7.
1. Describe types of asexual reproduction
2. What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
3. Review material related to gamete formation and fertilization
4. What are the biological benefits of sexual reproduction?
5. What are the basic components of a reproductive system?
6. Define:
hermaphroditic viviparous
oviparous protandrous ovoviviparous
7. Describe hormonal control of human reproduction.
J. Development. 8.
1. Describe the stages in the basic pattern of development of an animal - zygote formation, gastrulation, etc.
2. Describe the following development patterns, what they mean and what they imply about origins of groups.
a. schizocoelous b. enterocoelous
c. spiral cleavage d. radial cleavage
e. protostome f. deuterostome
g. determinate h. indeterminate
I. mosaic development j. regulative
development
III. Animal form and characteristics of selected animal phyla . Chapters 9, 11-30.
A. Protista and Porifera.
1. What characterizes the Kingdom Protista
Chapter 11.
2. Describe the groups of Protozoa.
3. Describe the phylum Porifera.
4. Distinguish the Subkingdom Parazoa from the Eumetazoa.
B. Animal Architecture. 9.
Describe the grouping of animal phyla by:
a. symmetry, b. body cavity, 3. development pattern, 4. level of organization (text, chapter 23)
C. Development. Review development (above).
D. Animal Phyla
When you are asked to "distinguish" or "describe" you are to be able to describe the group in such detail that it cannot be confused with another. "Describe" in the outline means you are to describe all groups under that heading.
1. Distinguish the Subkingdom Eumetazoa from the Parazoa. 12.
a. Describe the Radiata.
1) Phylum Cnidaria
2) Phylum Ctenophora
b. Describe the Bilateria
1) Protostomes.
a) Acoelomates. 14.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
b) Pseudocoelomates. 15
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Rotifera
c) Schizocoelous Coelomates. 16-20.
Phylum Mollusca.
Phylum Annelida.
Phylum Arthropoda.
2) Lesser Protostomes. 21.
2) Lophoporates. 22.
a) Bryozoa
b) Phoronida
c) Brachiopoda
3) Deuterostomes. 23-30.
a) Phylum Chaetognatha.
b) Phylum Hemichordata.
c) Phylum Echinodermata.
d) Phylum Chordata..
Subphylum Vertebrata.
Trace the development of vertebrate circulatory patterns
C. Taking into consideration the concepts of part I of this course, what does the above arrangement of the animal phyla suggest? Be able list the phyla above with their close relatives and justify your decisions.
ON RESERVE IN THE LIBRARY
Principles of Systematic Zoology. Mayr and Ashlock.
PAGES HAVE EXAMPLES OF THE
TYPES OF QUESTIONS YOU WILL
HAVE ON EXAMS THIS SEMESTER.
THERE IS NO REASON TO ASSUME
THAT THE SAME QUESTIONS WILL
BE
ASKED THIS TERM.
WE WILL NOT REVIEW
THESE
QUESTIONS IN CLASS. THEY ARE
PROVIDED TO HELP DIRECT YOUR
STUDY.
NAME _____________________________
BIOLOGY 1350 EXAM 1
SPRING, 2002
1. DEFINE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS IN SUFFICIENT DETAIL THAT IT CANNOT BE CONFUSED WITH ANY OTHER
Taxon
Genetic drift
Parallel evolution
Directional selection
Founder effect
Endoskeleton
Metanephridium
Uricotelic
Polytypic species
Morph
1. FILL IN THE BLANKS. USE ONLY ONE ANSWER FOR EACH BLANK. SOME QUESTIONS MAY REQUIRE MORE THAN ONE WORD TO ANSWER.
An animal that maintains an internal osmotic pressure
higher than its environment is called a(n) ________________________
Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to ________________________
The layer of the skin that includes tissues that provide
support for the epidermis is the ________________________
When a given character changes gradually across the
geographic range of a series of contiguous populations,
it is referred to as a ________________________
Populations that a morphologically indistinguishable from
each other, but are reproductively isolated are called ________________________
Splitting of one species into two or more is called ________________________
Structures that are basically the same because of a common
ancestry, but may have different functions are said to be ________________________
In the mammalian kidney, most of the increase in osmotic
pressure of the urine occurs in the part of the nephron
called the ________________________
Permeability of the collecting duct is under control of the
hormone called ________________________
A taxon made of animals that all had the same ancestor is
said to be ________________________
A man who has been married three times and still has the
same in-laws is called a ________________________
2. SHORT ANSWER. SELECT FOUR TO ANSWER. IF YOU ANSWER ALL FIVE, I WILL ONLY READ THE FIRST FOUR.
Describe the processes in the mammalian kidney, starting with initial filtration and ending with the collecting duct. Include movement of molecules and ions. Use a drawing to help illustrate your answer.
Compare/contrast evolutionary systematics with phylogenetic systematics (cladistics). Comment on strong points and weak points.
Compare the endoskeleton of echinoderms with the endoskeleton of vertebrates in terms of structure and function
Compare/contrast the functions of protonephridium/metanepridium and mammalian kidney
Describe mechanisms for maintaining a constant internal osmotic pressure in a) marine vertebrates, b) desert animals
NAME_________________________
BIOLOGY 1350 EXAM 2
SPRING, 2001
1. DEFINE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS IN SUFICIENT DETAIL THAT IT CANNOT BE CONFUSED WITH ANY OTHER.
a. Closed circulatory system
b. Intracellular fluid
c. Atrium
d. Capillary
e. Hemoglobin
f. Ectotherm
g. Countercurrent heat exchange
h. Brown fat
i. Non-shivering thermogenesis
j. Conduction (in terms of heat transfer
2. FILL IN THE BLANKS. USE ONLY ONE ANSWER FOR EACH BLANK. SOME QUESTIONS MAY REQUIRE MORE THAN ONE WORD TO ANSWER.
The blood vessels that exchange material with
extracellular fluids are the __________________
An animal that is unable to control body
temperature with internal mechanisms is called
a(n) __________________
A heart chamber that pumps blood into an artery
is called a(n) __________________
The number of chambers in an amphibian heart is __________________
In mammals, the aortic arch number four, forming
the aorta, is directed toward the (left or right) __________________
A feature occurring in the evolution of double
circulation, as seen in birds and mammals is
(I gave two) __________________
In mammals, large extremities are an adaptation to __________________
Countercurrent heat exchange is an adaptation to
A disadvantage of ectothermy is __________________
An advantage of ectothermy is __________________
3. SHORT ANSWER. SELECT FOUR TO ANSWER. IF YOU ANSWER ALL FIVE, I WILL ONLY GRADE THE FIRST FOUR.
Explain why blood with a respiratory pigment enclosed within a cell, and that flows past the respiratory system can carry more Oxygen than can be present in blood in a static system without either respiratory pigments or cells.
Describe mechanisms for adaptation to a hot dry desert
Compare/contrast endotherms and ectotherms regarding efficiency, and adaptations that allow them to be successful in desert and cold climates.
Compare blood flow through a bird and an amphibian heart.
Describe features of hemoglobin that allow it to “load” with Oxygen at the respiratory surface and “unload” at an active tissue.
BIOLOGY 1350 EXAM 3
SPRING, 2002
DEFINE OR IDENTIFY EACH OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS IN SUFFICIENT DETAIL THAT IT CANNOT BE CONFUSED WITH ANY OTHER
Countercurrent gas exchange
Voltage gated protein channel
Axon
Neurotransmitter
Myosin
Hormone
Action potential
Insulin
Fixed (mobile) receptor
Striated skeletal muscle
FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS
The part of the nervous system which is entirely motor
and is responsible for most control of automatic responses is the __________________
The mechanism by which Oxygen enters tissues is __________________
Two features that distinguish nervous system response from
hormonal response are __________________
And __________________
A hormone that increase the concentration of Ca in the blood
by stimulating bone breakdown is __________________
The endocrine gland that controls the activity of other endocrine
glands is the __________________
The vertebrate class that has the most efficient respiratory system
is the __________________
Hormonal secretion control in which a high level of the hormone
inhibits secretion of more of the hormone is called __________________
A hormone that increase the permeability of the membranes of __________________
the collecting ducts of the kidney to water is
The part of the brain that acts as a major connection between the
nervous system and the endocrine system is the __________________
SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS. ANSWER FOUR.
Describe how an action potential is propagated in an axon or a muscle cell.
Describe a mammalian and bird respiratory system, indicate which is more efficient and why it is more efficient.
Describe the function and mechanism of control of the following:
Insulin
Glucagon
Thyroid hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Describe muscle contraction starting with an action potential stimulating the release of Calcium ions from the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and ending with relaxation of the myofibril
Compare/contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in terms of structure, functions and transmitters
BIOLOGY 1350 EXAM 4
SPRING, 2002
DEFINE OR IDENTIFY EACH OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS IN SUFFICIENT DETAIL THAT IT CANNOT BE CONFUSED WITH ANY OTHER
Nuclear receptors
Stimulation of hormone secretion by a nutrient
Oviparous
Viviparous
Protandrous
Schizocoelous
Symmetrical
Deuterostome
Blastula
Triploblastic
FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS
The cell produced as the result of fertilization is called a ________________________
The opening into the archenteron is called the ________________________
A coelom that is NOT completely lined with mesoderm is
called a(n) ________________________
The outer cell layer in a gastrula is called the ________________________
The endocrine gland that secretes several hormones that
control functions of other endocrine glands is the ________________________
Vertebrate muscle that beats rhythmic and does not have to
be stimulated by the nervous system to contract is ________________________
A hormone that stimulates glucose uptake in cells and,
therefore, reduces glucose levels in the blood is ________________________
A biological benefit of asexual reproduction is ________________________
When the embryo is a fluid-filled ball of cells, it is called a ________________________
An organism in which the embryo has only two cell layers
is said to be ________________________
SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS. ANSWER FOUR.
Describe muscle contraction starting with an action potential stimulating the release of Calcium ions from the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and ending with relaxation of the myofibril
Show phylogenies for two major lines of animal evolution of animals with true coeloms starting with the Platyhelminthes as the common ancestor. Support your answer. Which group of animals could be a link between the two lines?
Compare/contrast control of hormone action by negative feedback and by inhibition by a product.
Describe the following phyla and give examples of the animals in them. In each case indicate if the phylum is schizocoelous or Enterocoelous or diploblastic.
Chordata
Arthropoda
Cnidaria
Compare/contrast membrane-bound receptors and nuclear receptors in terms of how they operate and the speed of action.